52 Ancestors: #29 The Erpelding-Conradt Family of Kackerterhaff

A decade before America declared its independence Maria Theresa of Austria implemented the first modern cadastre and census in a large part of the territories under the rule of the House of Habsburg, including the Netherlands which encompassed present-day Belgium and Luxembourg.

Extra! Extra! Read All About It! The 1766 Luxembourg Census is Online!

The 1766 census was grouped by villages and towns with each of these belonging to a paroisse or parish. Parishes were classified in a decanat or deanship (diocese). In a village or town, the names of all persons in a household were classified into four groups by age: men were listed as 16 or older and under 16 while women were seen as 14 or older and under 14 years. A column for occupations was only available for men 16 and older. On the last page of each village was a list of occupations of the inhabitants divided into several categories: public service jobs, merchants, laborers (including servants), craftsmen (masters and journeymen), and clergy.

ERPELDING of Kackerd

1766 Census page for the village of Oetrange in the parish of the same name[1]

The ERPELDING family lived and worked on Kackerterhaff near the village of Oetrange in the parish of Oetrange in the decanat of Remich.

Close-up of entry on census page[1]

1766 Census for a place called Kackerd in the Paroisse of Oettringen (Parish of Oetrange)
Household #20
Caspar Erpeldingen male over 16 yrs occupation laboureur or farmer
Jean Erpeldingen male over 16 yrs
Gertrude Erpeldingen female over 14 yrs
Jean Erpeldingen male under 16 yrs
Nicolas Erpeldingen male under 16 yrs
Barbe Erpeldingen female under 14 yrs
Maria Erpeldingen female under 14 yrs
1 married couple in household[1]

CONRADT of Uebersyren

1766 Census page for the village of Uebersyren in the parish of Hostert[2]

The CONRADT family (written CONRADE on the sheet) lived in Uebersyren in the parish of Hostert not far from the parish of Oetrange.

Close-up of entry on census page[2]

1766 Census for the Village of Ubersyren in the Paroisse of Hostert
Household #8
Pierre Conrade 16 yrs or older occupation tisserand or weaver
Ann Catherine Conrad 16 yrs or older
no males under 16 yrs
Elizabeth Conrad female under 14 yrs
Madlene Conrad female under 14 yrs
Marie Conrad female under 14 yrs
Catherine Conrad female under 14 yrs
1 married couple in household[2]

Twenty-two years later…

1788 Marriage Record of Nicolas ERPELDING and Magdalena CONRADT

Nicolas ERPELDING, 22 years old, married Madelaine “Magdalena” CONRADT, 29 years old, on 7 July 1788 in Schuttrange.[3] Nicolas, the youngest son of Caspar ERPELDING (d. 1779) and Gertrude JEHNEN (d. 1774), was born 7 November 1765 in Villa Kackert near Oetrange.[4] Magdalena, the second oldest daughter of Peter CONRADT (d. 1789) and Anna Catharina ROEDER (1736-1791), was born 2 June 1759 in Uebersyren.[5]

Courtesy of Egon Meder

The young couple made their home in Uebersyren during the first years of their marriage and this is where their first child Mathias was born on 27 March 1791.[6]

1791 Baptismal Record of Mathias ERPELDING[6]

Following the birth of Matthias and before their next child was born they left Uebersyren and made their home auf dem Kackert, in the home Nicolas had been born and raised in. The move may have followed the death of Magdalena’s mother in Uebersyren six months after the birth of Mathias.[7]

1793 Baptismal Record of Catharina ERPELDING[8]

When daughter Catharina was born on 15 October 1793, Nicolas and Magdalena were seen as a legally married couple and operariorum commorantuim in Kackert – workers residing at Kackert.[8] Nicolas’ parents had died in 1774[9] and 1779[10] and the farm likely went to their oldest son Jean ERPELDING. Catharina’s baptismal record lists Jean as her godfather and agricola habitans in Villa Kackert – a farmer who lives on the Kackert farm. Villa in Latin has several definitions including villa or country house, village, farm, or premises. As later documents refer to Kackerterhaff,  and it is still known as such, the translation would be a farm.

Kackerterhaff near Oetrange, Luxembourg (courtesy of Egon Meder)

At this point in the family timeline, there is a discrepancy which I have not been able to resolve. From marriage records found, it appears that there were two daughters named Catharina. No baptismal record has been found for the second daughter named Catharina. Her marriage record is a religious marriage record which names her parents but does not include her date of birth. No civil marriage record, which normally includes the date and place of birth, has been found. All birth records of her children and her death record place her birth at about 1793, the same as the first daughter named Catharina. Due to records found, they cannot be the same person.

1795 Baptismal Record of Margaretha ERPELDING[11]

Nicolas and Magdalena’s fourth child Margaretha was born and baptized on 15 December 1795. Her parents were seen as operariorum in Kackert – operators of Kackert.[11]

1797 Baptismal Record of Pierre ERPELDING[12]

Pierre, the next child, was born on 15 January 1797 and the entry in the parish records was the first for the new year. No godparents were listed. The parents were seen as a legally married couple living in Kackert.[12]

The sixth child of Nicolas and Magdalena was another daughter named Margaretha. Her sister who had the same name had not died. She would later marry and live in the same place as this Margaretha, my children’s 4th great-grandmother.

1800 Baptismal Record of Margaretha ERPELDING[13]

The second daughter named Margaretha was baptized on 16 November 1800[13] and born on 1 January 1801.[14] That is not a typo. The records show she was baptized six weeks before her birth! While the church records continued to be kept using the Gregorian calendar, the civil records at the time used the French Republican calendar. A difference of a day or two could be explained but six weeks cannot be an error in calculation. The discrepancy in the church record vis-a-vis the civil record was brought to my attention by Cyndi Speltz Gipp 14 years ago. Cyndi is my husband’s 7th cousin through Gertrude JEHNEN’s parents.

1804 Baptismal Record of Barbara ERPELDING[15]

The last child of Nicolas and Magdalena was Barbara born on 25 February 1804.[15] As with all of her siblings, except for her oldest brother Mathias, she was born on the Kackert farm.

The Middle Years

All of the children Magdalena gave birth to survived to adulthood. The seven children remained on Kackerterhaff until they began to marry.

In the meantime, Nicolas’ brother Jean ERPELDING (his second brother named Jean) died on 20 May 1806 on Kréintgeshaff, a farm near Kackerterhaff.[16] His place of death has helped to differentiate between the two brothers named Jean.

On 15 December 1814, the first of Nicolas and Magdalena’s children married. Catharina married Nicolas GLODT (1793-1858) on 15 December 1814 in Oetrange.[17]

1814 Religious Marriage Record of Nicolas GLODT and Catharina ERPELDING[17]

Madelaine “Magdalena” CONRADT did not live long enough to see any of her other children marry. She died on 28 January 1818 on Kackerterhaff.[18]

Six years later the oldest son of the ERPELDING-CONRADT couple, Mathias, married Margaritha GROSS (1796-1872) on 25 February 1824 in Oetrange.[19] Mathias, being the oldest, remained on the farm.

A little more than a year later, the younger son Pierre married Margaretha KRUCHTEN (1797-1859) on 21 March 1825 in Contern.[20] They would make their home in Oetrange in the commune of Contern.

Four years later Nicolas ERPELDING died on 10 May 1829 at Kackerterhaff.[21] He left two married sons, a married daughter, and four unmarried daughters. His youngest daughter Barbara was 25 years old and expecting a child. The male child was born and died on 28 December 1829.[22] No father was listed on the birth record.

The oldest daughter Catharina married Johann BOUR (1772-1855) on 26 February 1831 in Bertrange.[23] She was 37 years old and he was 58 and had been a widower for two years. Catharina was living on Kackerterhaff up until the time of the marriage. It would be interesting to learn how she met her husband as two of her three sisters would also marry in Bertrange and live in Strassen, at that time part of the commune of Bertrange. What brought these women to Strassen and Bertrange which both lie on the other side of Luxembourg City from Kackerterhaff?

Nicolas ERPELDING’s oldest brother Jean died before 1833 as his widow Catharina EVEN’s death was declared by her nephew Mathias ERPELDING on 13 December 1833.[24] She died on Kackerterhaff. To date, no children have been found for this couple which may be the reason the farm was now seen in the hands of Mathias.

The younger Margaretha, my children’s ancestress, married François “Franz” MERTES (1806-1864) on 25 February 1834 in Bertrange. Both of her brothers, Mathias and Pierre, were present and signed as witnesses to her marriage.[25]

Five years later, the older Margaretha who was still living on the home farm married Johann SCHMIT (1780-1856) on 10 April 1839 in Bertrange. Margaretha was 44 and Johann, widowed only four months earlier, was 58 years old. None of the witnesses were relatives of the bride, however, Michel BRIMEYER, one of the witnesses, was listed as her acquaintance.[26]

Finally, on 11 February 1846, the youngest child of Nicolas and Magdalena married. Barbara married Peter ENTRINGER (1801-1867) on 11 February 1846 in Sandweiler.[27] Barbara’s son Mathias ERPELDING, born illegitimately on 29 May 1835,[28] was 10 years old. The marriage legitimized his birth as Peter ENTRINGER recognized him as his son. Between the time of Mathias’ birth and the marriage, the groom had been married to another woman and widowed.

The Later Years

Catharina ERPELDING who married Nicolas GLODT died on 6 January 1848 at the age of 55 in Oetrange.[29] She had given birth to at least eight children.

Margaretha ERPELDING who married Johann SCHMIT was widowed on 29 December 1856.[30] It is unknown when or where she died. She remained childless.

Catharina ERPELDING who married Johann BOUR was last seen in the census in December 1861 in Strassen. She was widowed in 1855[31] and also remained childless. No death record has been found.

Pierre ERPELDING died on 23 December 1865 in Oetrange.[32] He outlived his wife, who had given him seven children, by six years. Two of these children died as infants. His oldest son Theodore, after being widowed twice, would emigrate to America in 1884 with his sons John and Nicholas and his daughter Angelique to join his older son Peter who had emigrated the previous year. The line would continue in Nebraska.

The youngest daughter Barbara ERPELDING was widowed on 10 Sep 1867.[33] She was not found between the time of her marriage in 1846 and her husband’s death in 1867. It is unknown if they had other children and what happened to the son Mathias who was legitimized at the time of the marriage.

My children’s 4th great-grandmother Margaretha ERPELDING died on 1 November 1868 in Strassen.[34] Widowed in 1864,[35] she left only one child, a son Michel who fathered thirteen children.

Following Margaretha’s death, the only known living child of Nicolas and Magdalena was their oldest son Mathias ERPELDING. He died on 31 December 1871 on Kackerterhaff.[36] His wife followed him four months later.[37] They were the parents of eight children. Sons Peter and Mathias never married but worked the farm until their deaths on Kackerterhaff in 1897[38] and 1916.[39] They are the last known ERPELDINGs to have lived on the home place.

Although I have spent the past two weeks attaching (and citing sources for) birth, marriage, census, and death records to all individuals in this family (several generations), the largest part of the research was done by my husband’s 7th cousin Cyndi. She ordered the FamilySearch microfilms and viewed them at her local Family History Center fourteen years ago. Not only did she research her line down from Gertrude JEHNEN’s parents Christophori “Stofel” JEHNEN and Maria SCHINGEN but also this ERPELDING family and shared all with me. In 2015 I got in touch with her again when I wrote 52 Ancestors: #40 Happy Birthday to Michel of the MERTES-ERPELDING Family and now we keep up via Facebook. Thank you, Cyndi, for all the work you’ve done on this branch of the family.

P.S. Kackerterhaff is Luxembourgish for the German Kackerterhof. So for those of you who noticed, I made the featured image first. While writing the post I decided to be consistent by using Kackerterhaff throughout and forgot I’d used the German version in the image.

Sources:
[1]1. 1766 Census of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, FamilySearch (Digitial copy of the microfilm of originals in the Archives Générales du Royaume, Bruxelles, includes localities now in Luxembourg and Liège, Belgium), Film #008198979 > Decanat de Remich > Oetringen (paroisse d’Oetringen) > Image 249 of 438. p. 248, Kackerd, household no. 20. (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3Q9M-CSLL-9Q65-V?i=248&cat=1184675 : accessed 2 September 2017).
[2] Ibid., Obersirn (paroisse d’Hostert) > Image 124 of 438. page 114, household no. 8. (https://www.familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3Q9M-CSLL-9QDP-C?i=123&cat=1184675 : accessed 2 September 2017).
[3] Luxembourg, registres paroissiaux, 1601-1948 (images), FamilySearch (original records at Luxembourg National Archives, Plateau du Saint-Esprit, Luxembourg), Schuttrange > Baptêmes, mariages, sépultures 1779-1793 > image 99 of 153. 1788 Marriage Record (left). (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-89WS-78KC?cc=2037955&wc=STHD-N3F%3A1501181201%2C1500913302 : accessed 26 August 2017).
[4] Ibid., Oetrange > Baptêmes 1684-1701, 1719-1799, confirmations 1738 > image 20 of 90. 1765 Baptismal Record (left page, 5th entry). (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-89WS-9HDH?cc=2037955&wc=STH8-448%3A1500972093%2C1500972094 : accessed 26 August 2017).
[5] Ibid., Schuttrange > Baptêmes 1713-1778, 1782-1792, sépultures 1718-1733 > image 52 of 100. 1759 Baptismal Record (right, last entry). (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QSQ-G9WS-7ZM5?cc=2037955&wc=STHD-N3K%3A1501181201%2C1501244146 : accessed 26 August 2017).
[6] Ibid., Schuttrange > Baptêmes 1713-1778, 1782-1792, sépultures 1718-1733 > image 96 of 100. 1791 Baptismal Record (right page, 3rd entry). (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-99WS-7DK4?cc=2037955&wc=STHD-N3K%3A1501181201%2C1501244146 : accessed 26 August 2017).
[7] Ibid., Schuttrange > Baptêmes, mariages, sépultures 1779-1793 > image 135 of 153. 1791 Death Record (right page, 1st full entry). (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QSQ-G9WS-78P2?cc=2037955&wc=STHD-N3F%3A1501181201%2C1500913302 : accessed 2 September 2017).
[8] Ibid., Oetrange > Baptêmes 1684-1701, 1719-1799, confirmations 1738 > image 53 of 90. 1793 Baptismal Record (left page, 2nd entry). (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-89WS-9H42?cc=2037955&wc=STH8-448%3A1500972093%2C1500972094 : accessed 26 August 2017).
[9] Ibid., Oetrange > Mariages 1718-1755, 1761-1763, 1767-1785, sépultures 1719-1781 > image 83 of 90. 1774 Death Record (right, 2nd entry). (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QSQ-G9WS-9C65?cc=2037955&wc=STH8-44D%3A1500972093%2C1500972096 : accessed 31 August 2017).
[10] Ibid., Oetrange > Mariages 1718-1755, 1761-1763, 1767-1785, sépultures 1719-1781 > image 84 of 90. 1779 Death Record (right page, bottom entry). (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-99WS-9CBD?cc=2037955&wc=STH8-44D%3A1500972093%2C1500972096 : accessed 31 August 2017).
[11] Ibid., Oetrange > Baptêmes 1684-1701, 1719-1799, confirmations 1738 > image 52 of 90. 1795 Baptismal Record (left page, 3rd entry). ((https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-89WS-9HWH?cc=2037955&wc=STH8-448%3A1500972093%2C1500972094 : accessed 26 August 2017).
[12] Ibid., Oetrange > Baptêmes 1797-1836, 1741-1761, mariages 1797-1836, sépultures 1797-1835 > image 3 of 91. 1797 Baptismal Record (right, first entry). (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-99WS-9CDJ?cc=2037955&wc=STH8-44C%3A1500972093%2C1501048046 : accessed 26 August 2017).
[13] Ibid., Oetrange > Baptêmes 1797-1836, 1741-1761, mariages 1797-1836, sépultures 1797-1835 > image 4 of 91. Baptismal Record (left page, 2nd to last entry for 1800). (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.3.1/TH-1942-32461-8208-27?cc=2037955 : accessed 2 October 2015).
[14] Luxembourg, Registres d’état civil, 1662-1941 (images), FamilySearch (original records at Luxembourg National Archives, Plateau du Saint-Esprit, Luxembourg), Contern > Naissances 1796-1835 > image 49 of 484. 1800 Birth Record (10 Nivose IX). (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.3.1/TH-266-12325-25034-93?cc=1709358 : accessed 2 October 2015).
[15] Luxembourg Parish Records, Oetrange > Baptêmes 1797-1836, 1741-1761, mariages 1797-1836, sépultures 1797-1835 > image 5 of 91. 1804 Baptismal Record (left, 5th entry). (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QSQ-G9WS-9C75?cc=2037955&wc=STH8-44C%3A1500972093%2C1501048046 : accessed 26 August 2017).
[16] Luxembourg Civil Records, Contern > Naissances 1836-1890 Mariages 1796-1890 Décès 1796-1821 > image 1338 of 1476. 1806 Death Record (left, bottom). (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-D1P7-BL2?cc=1709358&wc=9RYH-4WL%3A129626701%2C129799901 : accessed 29 August 2017).
[17] Luxembourg Parish Records, Oetrange > Baptêmes 1797-1836, 1741-1761, mariages 1797-1836, sépultures 1797-1835 > image 89 of 91. 1814 Marriage Record (religious). (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-89WS-9H5L?cc=2037955&wc=STH8-44C%3A1500972093%2C1501048046 : accessed 27 Augst 2017).
[18] Luxembourg Civil Records, Contern > Naissances 1836-1890 Mariages 1796-1890 Décès 1796-1821 > image 1433 of 1476. 1818 Death Record No. 5. (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.3.1/TH-267-11693-157266-45?cc=1709358 : accessed 4 October 2015). Note: 20th is missing in the date on the record, i.e. record reads the death was reported on the 9th and should be on the 29th.
[19] Ibid., Contern > Naissances 1836-1890 Mariages 1796-1890 Décès 1796-1821 > image 824 of 1476. 1824 Marriage Record No. 4. (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-D1P7-2KR?cc=1709358&wc=9RYH-4WL%3A129626701%2C129799901 : accessed 29 August 2017).
[20] Ibid., Contern > Naissances 1836-1890 Mariages 1796-1890 Décès 1796-1821 > image 830 of 1476. 1825 Marriage Record No. 4. (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-D1PW-SMJ?cc=1709358&wc=9RYH-4WL%3A129626701%2C129799901 : accessed 29 August 2017).
[21] Ibid., Contern > Décès 1822-1890 > image 50 of 568. 1829 Death Record No. 14. (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.3.1/TH-266-11556-63378-89?cc=1709358 : accessed 4 October 2015).
[22] Ibid., Contern > Naissances 1796-1835 > image 408 of 484. 1829 Birth Record No. 44. (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-62R9-9NB?cc=1709358&wc=9RYQ-W3X%3A129626701%2C129744001 : accessed 29 August 2017).
[23] Ibid., Bertrange > Mariages 1828-1890 Décès 1796-1890 > image 33 of 1416. 1831 Marriage Record No. 5. (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.3.1/TH-267-12131-52218-77?cc=1709358 : accessed 4 October 2015).
[24] Ibid., Contern > Décès 1822-1890 > image 78 of 568. 1833 Death Record No. 18. (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-DRWS-8JR?cc=1709358&wc=9RYM-JWL%3A129626701%2C129626702 : accessed 30 August 2017).
[25] Ibid., Bertrange > Mariages 1828-1890 Décès 1796-1890 > image 63 of 1416. 1834 Marriage Record No. 9. (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.3.1/TH-267-12131-55620-99?cc=1709358&wc=M9M6-2DC:725853054 : accessed 10 Apr 2013).
[26] Ibid., Bertrange > Mariages 1828-1890 Décès 1796-1890 > image 119 of 1416. 1839 Marriage Record No. 9. (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.3.1/TH-267-12131-51841-94?cc=1709358 : accessed 4 October 2015).
[27] Ibid., Sandweiler > Naissances 1865-1890 Mariages 1797-1890 Décès 1797-1822 > image 995 of 1493. 1846 Marriage Record No. 4. (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-X46G-P9?cc=1709358&wc=9RYD-MNL%3A130336601%2C130552301 : accessed 30 August 2017).
[28] Ibid., Contern > Naissances 1796-1835 > image 474 of 484. 1835 Birth Record No. 13. (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-62R9-MHJ?cc=1709358&wc=9RYQ-W3X%3A129626701%2C129744001 : accessed 29 August 2017).
[29] Ibid., Contern > Décès 1822-1890 > image 195 of 568. 1848 Death Record No. 1. (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-DRWS-ZSN?cc=1709358&wc=9RYM-JWL%3A129626701%2C129626702 : accessed 27 August 2017).
[30] Ibid., Strassen > Décès 1850-1890 > image 65 of 446. 1856 Death Record No. 20. (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-698Q-X5?cc=1709358&wc=9RYH-6T5%3A130458601%2C129625702 : accessed 27 August 2017).
[31] Ibid., Strassen > Décès 1850-1890 > image 52 of 446. 1855 Death Record No. 6. (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HY-69ZW-Q15?cc=1709358&wc=9RYH-6T5%3A130458601%2C129625702 : accessed 27 August 2017).
[32] Ibid., Contern > Décès 1822-1890 > image 348 of 568. 1865 Death Record No. 38. (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-DRWS-84C?cc=1709358&wc=9RYM-JWL%3A129626701%2C129626702 : accessed 29 August 2017).
[33] Ibid., Sandweiler > Décès 1833-1890 > image 394 of 604. 1867 Death Record No. 21. (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-DRKS-9MT?cc=1709358&wc=9RY9-929%3A130336601%2C130345701 : accessed 30 August 2017).
[34] Ibid., Strassen > Décès 1850-1890 > image 189 of 446. 1868 Death Record No. 26. (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.3.1/TH-267-11740-165726-80?cc=1709358&wc=M9M6-LNG:528766680 : accessed 10 Apr 2013)
[35] Ibid., Strassen > Décès 1850-1890 > image 140 of 446. 1864 Death Record No. 11. (https://familysearch.org/pal:/MM9.3.1/TH-267-11740-166420-69?cc=1709358&wc=M9M6-LNG:528766680 : accessed 10 Apr 2013).
[36] Ibid., Contern > Décès 1822-1890 > image 419 of 568. 1871 Death Record No. 41. (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-DRWS-8JK?cc=1709358&wc=9RYM-JWL%3A129626701%2C129626702 : accessed 27 August 2017).
[37] Ibid., Contern > Décès 1822-1890 > image 423 of 568. 1872 Death Record No. 7. (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:S3HT-DRWS-8HQ?cc=1709358&wc=9RYM-JWL%3A129626701%2C129626702 : accessed 5 September 2017).
[38] Ibid., Contern > Décès 1895-1912 > image 12 of 131. 1897 Death Record No. 1. (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-L97J-Y7XS?cc=1709358&wc=9RTY-16P%3A129626701%2C129657201 : accessed 27 August 1897).
[39] Ibid., Contern > Décès 1913-1923 > image 22 of 84. 1916 Death Record No. 3. (https://familysearch.org/ark:/61903/3:1:3QS7-897V-HTCJ?cc=1709358&wc=9RT1-92X%3A129626701%2C129622902 : accessed 27 August 2017).

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